The Gorgoneion mask, encircled by snakes, bared teeth, and a protruding tongue, epitomises the powerful, protective ‘evil eye’ in the Classical World. This menacing depiction was revered for its ability to ward off malevolent forces.
Among the infamous Gorgon sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, the latter stands out in mythological lore. Once a stunning beauty with flowing hair, Medusa incurred the wrath of Athena after Poseidon violated her in Athena’s temple. In retaliation, Athena transformed Medusa into a fearsome creature with serpentine hair, sharp fangs, and brass claws. This transformation has been interpreted either as a severe punishment or a protective measure to shield Medusa from future harm.
The Gorgoneion’s terrifying visage on coins served a propagandistic purpose, highlighting the issuing city’s strength and invincibility to its enemies. This symbolism is deeply rooted in mythology, as demonstrated when Perseus used Medusa’s head to petrify King Polydectes and his court. Perseus then gifted the head to Athena, who had Hermes mount it on her shield. Wielding this shield, Athena became impervious to Apollo’s spear and even Zeus’s thunderbolt. Various Olympian deities, including Zeus, have been depicted wearing the Gorgoneion as a protective emblem to ward off evil.
The reverse features a bull looking back, a symbol of power and virility. This imagery underscores the strength of the region where the coin was minted, Parion in Mysia. Parion's abundant coinage attests to its prolific output and advanced minting techniques. This coin not only offers insight into the importance of mythological symbolism to the Greeks but also highlights the defensive power attributed to the Gorgoneion, transforming Medusa's tragic story into a formidable force.